该笔记为斯坦福大学Kristin教授为其校内研究生及学者提供的具有CME学分的高品质课程《Writing in the Sciences》的个人学习记录，希望可以相互学习，共同进步。
文章目录
1.1 Introductionwhat makes good writing?what makes a good writer?Take-home message: Good writing can be learned! 1.2 Examples of what not to do1.3 Overview: principles of effective writingNotePrinciple 1.4 Cut the ClutterClutter的常见来源examples 1.7 Demo Edit 11.6 Practice : cut the clutter!1.5 Cut the Clutter，more tricks采用肯定的结构，思路更清晰. Turn negative into a positive消除there be句型的多余. Eliminate there be.消除多余介词. Omit needless prepositions.【图示版】总结可直接看图
【文字版】
1.1 Introduction
what makes good writing?
清晰有效传达一个想法 takes having something to say and clear thinking. elegant and stylish(first draft初稿不需要考虑) takes time ,revision,and a good editor!what makes a good writer?
having something to say
logical thinking
简单可学的风格规则 (the tools you’ll learn in this class)
other things
广泛阅读 、注意作者写作方式/技巧、尝试模仿
尝试写日记（练习）
放弃一些学术写作习惯
在你写作之前试着与别人讨论你的研究，用简短的语言更能帮助表达、整理思路
有趣的写作方式去吸引你的读者——不要让他们感到厌烦
停止等待灵感
写作对任何人都很难，即使是专业作家
修正（nobody gets it perfect on the first try）
优雅的部分，发生在修改版，而不是初稿
无情地删减（Never become too attached to your words）删除、否定自己，不要依恋自己写的句子
Find a good editor! 找一个小伙伴一起修改
Take risks！去冒险，写一些有趣的事
Take-home message: Good writing can be learned!
1.2 Examples of what not to do
名词会使句子变得笨重，动词是句子的灵魂，意味着我们可以把那些名词还原成动词去描述
即使我们写的是关于科学的复杂的技术上的东西，并不意味着我们必须使用复杂的语言，即使用简单的语言，我们也可以表达复杂和技术的思想。
1.3 Overview: principles of effective writing
Note
注意名词替代动词，动词使句子向前移动，而名词使读者减速注意模糊（Vague）的词，词意模糊的词不提供任何信息注意不必要的行话（jargon）和缩写词（acronyms）的用法，除非耳熟能详，不然少用缩略词注意被动语态（passive voice），被动语态难以读懂，因为他们不是我们说话的方式注意句子的主语（subject）和主动词（main verb）的距离不要太长，否则难以理解核心意思Principle
删掉不必要的单词和短语使用主动语态（subject+verb+object）用动词写作：用强动词（strong verb），避免把动词变成名词，也不要掩埋主动词（mian verb）1.4 Cut the Clutter
Clutter的常见来源
重磅单词和短语（Dead weight words and phrases）: as it is well known; as it has been shown; it can be regarded that; it should be emphasized that, etc. 清喉咙的词，直接删除，可以提供引文证明其众所周知空单词和短语（Empty words and phrases）: basic tenets of; methodologic; important , etc.注意可以变短的长单词或短语（Long words or phrases that could be short）不必要的行话和缩写（unnecessary jargon and acornyms）额外的重复（repetitive）：studies/examples; illustrate/demonstrate; challenges/difficulties; successful solutions, etc. 形容词重复名词中的内容没有用处的副词（Adverbs）: very, really, quite, basically, generally,etc.examples
a majority of = mosta number of = manyare of the same opinion = agreeless frequently occurring = rareall three of the = the threegive rise to = causedue to the fact that = becausehave an effect on = affectbased on the assumption that = ifhave been related to = be associated with1.7 Demo Edit 1
1.6 Practice : cut the clutter!
i. Anti-inflammatory drugs may be protective for the occurrence of Alzheimer’s Disease. => Anti-inflammatory drugs may protect against Alaheimer’s Disease.
protect the occurrence of sth --> protect againstthe occurrence of Alzheimer’s Disease --> Alzheimer’s Disease
ii. Clinical seizures have been estimated to occur in 0.5% to 2.3% of the neonatal population. => Clinical seizures occur in 0.5% to 2.3% of newborns
neonatal population --> newborns有数字范围，表示为估计，have been estimated to可省略
iii. Ultimately p53 guards not only against malignant transformation but also plays a role in developmental processes as diverse as aging, differentiation, and fertility. => Besides preventing cancer, p53 also plays roles in aging , differentiation, fertility.
ultimately 类副词可直接省略guard against = prevent from = protect against/fromnot only,but also可与besides句型替换存在as diverse as, such as, for example时，检查是否可直接省略
iv. Injuries to the brain and spinal cord have long been known to be among the most devastating and expansive of all injuries to treat medically. => injuries to brain and spinal cord are among the most devastating and expansive.
have long been known to 与 as it is well known 等清喉咙的词，可直接省略all injuries to treat medically 与前面讨论的injuries有语义重复，删除
v. An IQ test measures an individual’s abilities to perform functions that usually fall in the domains of verbal communication, reasoning, and performance on tasks that represent motor and spatial capabilities. => An IQ test measures individual’s verbal, reasoning, or motor and spatial capabilities.
usually fall in the domains of 多余，用in+范围或直接加范围即可存在多个名词，若主题一致，将前面的n改为adj.，省略前面的n.or比较灵活，IQ测试一次性无法测出多种能力，因此用or代替and
vi. As we can see from Figure 2, if the return kinetic energy is less than 3.2Up, there will be two elevctron trajectories associated with this kinetic energy. => Figure 2 shows that a return kinetic energy less than 3.2 up yields two electron trajectories.
as we can see from较为冗余，直接用show, demonstrate,illustrate代替kinetic energy重复，删除重复语义同义替换：yield <-- produce=generate句型可用来表述：因某个数值低于/高于一定值，从而导致…影响。
1.5 Cut the Clutter，more tricks
采用肯定的结构，思路更清晰. Turn negative into a positive
语义为否定时，将not改为否定实词
Not honest
Not harmful
Not important
Does not have
Did not remember
Did not pay attention to
Did not succeed
dishonest
safe
unimportant
lacks
forgot
ignored
failed
语义为肯定时，将双重否定改成肯定实词
消除there be句型的多余. Eliminate there be.
there be是常见句型，尽量减少，多余时删除有时可用实义动词比be动词能将形象生动检查there be是否有必要存在，消除多余介词. Omit needless prepositions.
that和on为较易省略的介词比如that做宾语时可省略【Note】
这些词并没有表达句子的主旨。当你选择一个长的版本，他们只是减缓了你的阅读速度，短版本也可以完成相同的工作。
“I have only made this letter rather long because I have not had time to make it shorter.” 你花了这么长的时间去写了这么长的句子，最后一步要做的确是把它缩减，对它进行提炼，把多余的杂质清除，并深入到你想表达的本质，这就是写作的优雅之处。
Get it down to the key ideas! 当你用最少的语言表达你的想法时，你的写作会更具可读性，吸引力和力量！
