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Python Nose 自动化测试框架介绍

时间:2022-11-06 02:02:35

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Python Nose 自动化测试框架介绍

文章目录

1. unittest 简介1.1 python 单元测试1.2 unittest 测试框架1.3 默认模式1.4 手工模式2. nose 扩展框架2.1 `nose` 的安装和基本用法2.2 `被测对象` 的扩展2.3 `TestFixture` 的扩展2.4 nose 插件参考资料

1. unittest 简介

1.1 python 单元测试

1、python语言非常简洁和方便,一个最简单的程序 hello.py 编写如下:

class hello():def __init__(self):print("class hello init!")if __name__ == "__main__":h = hello()

运行结果:

# python hello.pyclass hello init!

2、我们使用 python 进一步开发了一些功能函数,如demo.py文件:

#!/usr/bin/python# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-def add(a, b):return a+bdef minus(a, b):return a-b

如果要对这些功能函数进行单元测试,通常需要开发一系列的测试代码来进行验证:

def test_add(self):"""Test method add(a, b)"""self.assertEqual(3, add(1, 2))self.assertNotEqual(3, add(2, 2))def test_minus(self):"""Test method minus(a, b)"""self.assertEqual(1, minus(3, 2))self.assertNotEqual(1, minus(3, 2))

一切看起来都很ok,但是如果我们开发了成百上千的测试代码以后,如何调用这些test_xxx()测试代码成了一个难题。我们不得不再开发一套框架来调用这些测试用例,幸运的是 pythonn 已经内建了这样一套框架unittest

1.2 unittest 测试框架

unittest 的运行流程如上图所示:

1、unittest 首先分析被测对象,找出其中的TestCaseTestFixture,被由TestLoader将其打包成TestSuite。2、然后在TestRunner中逐个拆包TestSuite,并按照运行运行其中的TestCaseTestFixture。3、测试结果由TestReporter输出成txt/html/xml等格式以供分析。

这里面有一些核心概念,逐一澄清:

1、被测对象unittest把程序中所有继承了unittest.TestCase类 的子类,看成被测对象。而nosetests扩充了被测对象,文件夹、文件、模块、类、函数 都可以充当被测对象。

import unittestclass Abcd(unittest.TestCase):...

2、TestCase被测对象中所有以test开头的函数都被认为是TestCase,会被调用。

import unittestclass Abcd(unittest.TestCase):def test1xxx(self):...def test2xxx(self):...

3、TestFixture。字面意思是测试夹具很形象的表示了它的作用,在调用TestCase之前需要准备测试环境,在调用TestCase之后需要恢复环境。在被测对象中需要使用一些关键字来定义TestFixture函数。

import unittestclass Abcd(unittest.TestCase):@classmethoddef setUpClass(cls):...@classmethoddef tearDownClass(cls):...def setUp(self):...def tearDown(self):...def test1xxx(self):...def test2xxx(self):...# setUp():准备环境,执行每个测试用例的前置条件# tearDown():环境还原,执行每个测试用例的后置条件# setUpClass():必须使用@classmethod装饰器,所有case执行的前置条件,只运行一次# tearDownClass():必须使用@classmethod装饰器,所有case运行完后只运行一次

4、TestLoader。负责将TestCaseTestFixture打包成TestSuite。可以使用unittest默认的打包方式,也可以手工进行自定义打包。5、TestRunner。负责按照对于的顺序来运行TestCaseTestFixture。通常情况下使用unittest.main()来启动整个unittest,也可以手工定制。

import unittestunittest.main()

6、TestReporter。负责将测试结果输出成txt/html/xml等格式。

1.3 默认模式

我们使用一个实例了来理解上述的概念,编写一个test_demo_class.py文件来测试demo.py中的函数:

#!/usr/bin/python# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import unittestfrom demo import add, minusclass TestDemo(unittest.TestCase):"""Test mathfuc.py"""@classmethoddef setUpClass(cls):print ("this setupclass() method only called once.\n")@classmethoddef tearDownClass(cls):print ("this teardownclass() method only called once too.\n")def setUp(self):print ("do something before test : prepare environment.\n")def tearDown(self):print ("do something after test : clean up.\n")def test_add(self):"""Test method add(a, b)"""self.assertEqual(3, add(1, 2))self.assertNotEqual(3, add(2, 2))def test_minus(self):"""Test method minus(a, b)"""self.assertEqual(1, minus(3, 2))self.assertNotEqual(1, minus(3, 2))@unittest.skip("do't run as not ready")def test_minus_with_skip(self):"""Test method minus(a, b)"""self.assertEqual(1, minus(3, 2))self.assertNotEqual(1, minus(3, 2))if __name__ == '__main__':# verbosity=*:默认是1;设为0,则不输出每一个用例的执行结果;2-输出详细的执行结果unittest.main(verbosity=1)

运行结果:

# python test_demo_class.pythis setupclass() method only called once.do something before test : prepare environment.do something after test : clean up..do something before test : prepare environment.do something after test : clean up.Fsthis teardownclass() method only called once too.======================================================================FAIL: test_minus (__main__.TestDemo)Test method minus(a, b)----------------------------------------------------------------------Traceback (most recent call last):File "C:\Users\weilin.peng\Documents\python\test_demo_class.py", line 33, in test_minusself.assertNotEqual(1, minus(3, 2))AssertionError: 1 == 1----------------------------------------------------------------------Ran 3 tests in 0.002sFAILED (failures=1, skipped=1)

1.4 手工模式

在上述的实例中,只要调用unittest.main(),整个TestLoader打包TestSuiteTestRunner运行TestSuiteTestReporter输出测试结果 都是自动进行的。

当然你也可以定制这一切,以下是一个手工定制来调用test_demo_class.py中测试的例子。本文件为test_demo_module.py

#!/usr/bin/python# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import sysimport HTMLReportimport unittestimport test_demo_classfrom test_demo_class import TestDemoif __name__ == '__main__':paras = sys.argv[1:]args = paras[0]report = paras[1]suite = unittest.TestSuite()if args == 'test':tests = [TestDemo("test_minus"), TestDemo("test_add"), TestDemo("test_minus_with_skip")]suite.addTests(tests)elif args == 'tests':suite.addTest(TestDemo("test_minus"))suite.addTest(TestDemo("test_add"))suite.addTest(TestDemo("test_minus_with_skip"))elif args == 'class':suite.addTests(unittest.TestLoader().loadTestsFromTestCase(TestDemo))elif args == 'module':suite.addTests(unittest.TestLoader().loadTestsFromModule(test_demo_class))elif args == 'mix':suite.addTests(unittest.TestLoader().loadTestsFromName('test_demo_class.TestDemo.test_minus'))elif args == 'mixs':suite.addTests(unittest.TestLoader().loadTestsFromNames(['test_demo_class.TestDemo.test_minus', 'test_demo_class.TestDemo', 'test_demo_class']))elif args == 'discover':suite.addTests(unittest.TestLoader().discover('.', 'test_*.py', top_level_dir=None))if report == 'terminal':runner = unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=1)runner.run(suite)elif report == 'txt':with open('ut_log.txt', 'a') as fp:runner = unittest.TextTestRunner(stream=fp, verbosity=1)runner.run(suite)elif report == 'html':runner = HTMLReport.TestRunner(report_file_name='test',output_path='report',title='测试报告',description='测试描述',sequential_execution=True)runner.run(suite)

运行结果:

# python test_demo_module.py test txtthis setupclass() method only called once.do something before test : prepare environment.do something after test : clean up.do something before test : prepare environment.do something after test : clean up.this teardownclass() method only called once too.

2. nose 扩展框架

得益于unittest优秀的架构,有几个框架在此之上进行了扩展,例如nosepytest

nose的口号是nose extends unittest to make testing easier.,可见它是基于unittest之上进行的扩展,主体思想是和unittest一脉相承的,各个术语也是通用的。值得一提的话nose 1已经停止了维护,但是因为功能非常强大和好用应对一般的测试已经绰绰有余了,可以继续使用。如果介意的话,可以转用pytest

2.1nose的安装和基本用法

使用 pip 安装 nose:

pip install nose

最简单的使用方法,进入工程目录执行nosetests命令,nose会自动搜寻工程目录下的TestCase并执行:

cd path/to/projectnosetests

2.2被测对象的扩展

nose一个最大的特色就是对unittest被测对象进行了扩展,极大的方便了测试。可以在不指定具体被测对象的情况下,nose根据一定规则能找出工程中绝大部分的TestCase

nose根据以下的规则来自动查找被测对象

1、If it looks like a test, it’s a test. Names of directories, modules, classes and functions are compared against the testMatch regular expression, and those that match are considered tests. Any class that is a unittest.TestCase subclass is also collected, so long as it is inside of a module that looks like a test.

1、如果它看起来像一个test,那么它就是一个test文件夹模块 (modules)类 (claesses)函数(functions)的名字 和testMatch正则表达进行比较,匹配即视为tests。另外任何unittest.TestCase的子类也会被搜集,只要它在一个看起来像测试的模块中。

2、Files with the executable bit set are ignored by default under Unix-style operating systems–use--exeto allow collection from them, but be careful that is safe to do so. Under Windows, executable files will be picked up by default since there is no executable bit to test.

2、在unix风格的操作系统下,默认情况下会忽略带有可执行位集的文件,使用--exe选项来允许从它们收集,但是要注意这样做是安全的。在Windows下,默认情况下将选择可执行文件,因为没有可执行位要测试。

3、Directories that don’t look like tests and aren’t packages are not inspected.

3、看起来不像测试或不是包 (packages)的目录不会被检查。

4、Packages are always inspected, but they are only collected if they look like tests. This means that you can include your tests inside of your packages (somepackage/tests) and nose will collect the tests without running package code inappropriately.

4、包 (packages)总是被检查的,但是只有当其中代码看起来像测试时才会被收集。这意味着您可以在包(某些包/测试)中包含测试,nose将收集测试,而不会不适当地运行包代码。

5、When a project appears to have library and test code organized into separate directories, library directories are examined first.

5、当一个项目 (project)将库和测试代码组织到单独的目录中时,首先检查库目录。

6、When nose imports a module, it adds that module’s directory to sys.path; when the module is inside of a package, like package.module, it will be loaded as package.module and the directory of package will be added to sys.path.

6、当nose导入一个模块 (module)时,它会将该模块的目录添加到sys.path;当模块在包 (packages)中,比如package.module,它将作为package.module加载,package目录将被添加到sys.path

7、If an object defines a__test__attribute that does not evaluate to True, that object will not be collected, nor will any objects it contains.

7、如果一个对象 (object)定义了一个__test__属性的值不为True,那么该对象和它包含的任何对象都不会被收集。

8、Be aware that plugins and command line options can change any of those rules.

8、请注意,插件和命令行选项可以更改任何这些规则。

可以看到nose的默认规则极大的扩展了被测对象,从unittest的一种扩展到以下的几种:

这里面的一个关键就是testMatch正则表达式,nosetests --help会打印出testMatch的默认值:

-m=REGEX, --match=REGEX, --testmatch=REGEX¶Files, directories, function names, and class names that match this regular expression are considered tests. Default: (?:\b|_)[Tt]est [NOSE_TESTMATCH]

可以看到testMatch的默认值 为(?:\b|_)[Tt]est,解析正则表达式的具体含义:

2.3TestFixture的扩展

nose支持各个层级的TestFixture,在每个层级都能进行 测试场景部署 和 原场景还原 的动作。

以下是一个基本的例子来展示不同层次TestFixture的不同执行时机。

1、unnecessary_math.py:

'''Module showing how doctests can be included with source codeEach '>>>' line is run as if in a python shell, and counts as a test.The next line, if not '>>>' is the expected output of the previous line.If anything doesn't match exactly (including trailing spaces), the test fails.'''def multiply(a, b):""">>> multiply(4, 3)12>>> multiply('a', 3)'aaa'"""return a * b

2、test_um_nose_fixtures.py:

from nose import with_setup # optionalfrom unnecessary_math import multiplydef setup_module(module):print ("") # this is to get a newline after the dotsprint ("setup_module before anything in this file")def teardown_module(module):print ("teardown_module after everything in this file")def my_setup_function():print ("my_setup_function")def my_teardown_function():print ("my_teardown_function")@with_setup(my_setup_function, my_teardown_function)def test_numbers_3_4():print ('test_numbers_3_4 <============================ actual test code')assert multiply(3,4) == 12@with_setup(my_setup_function, my_teardown_function)def test_strings_a_3():print ('test_strings_a_3 <============================ actual test code')assert multiply('a',3) == 'aaa'class TestUM:@classmethoddef setup_class(cls):print ("setup_class() before any methods in this class")@classmethoddef teardown_class(cls):print ("teardown_class() after any methods in this class")def setup(self):print ("TestUM:setup() before each test method")def teardown(self):print ("TestUM:teardown() after each test method")def test_numbers_5_6(self):print ('test_numbers_5_6() <============================ actual test code')assert multiply(5,6) == 30def test_strings_b_2(self):print ('test_strings_b_2() <============================ actual test code')assert multiply('b',2) == 'bb'

3、运行结果:

# nosetests -s test_um_nose_fixtures.pysetup_module before anything in this filesetup_class() before any methods in this classTestUM:setup() before each test methodtest_numbers_5_6() <============================ actual test codeTestUM:teardown() after each test method.TestUM:setup() before each test methodtest_strings_b_2() <============================ actual test codeTestUM:teardown() after each test method.teardown_class() after any methods in this classmy_setup_functiontest_numbers_3_4 <============================ actual test codemy_teardown_function.my_setup_functiontest_strings_a_3 <============================ actual test codemy_teardown_function.teardown_module after everything in this file----------------------------------------------------------------------Ran 4 tests in 0.012sOK

2.4 nose 插件

nose 还提供了丰富的内部和外部插件,并且可以自己开发插件。来使测试更加智能和方便。

关于这部分可以重点参考以下文档:Believer007 nose 系列文章、nose 1.3.7 documentation

参考资料

1.unittest — Unit testing framework

2.Python 单元测试 - unittest

3.Python 单元测试 - HTML report

4.Python 单元测试 - pytest

5.Believer007 nose 系列文章

6.nose Installation and quick start

7.nose 1.3.7 documentation

8.nose introduction

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