象徵最崇高學術桂冠的諾貝爾獎，從1901年開始頒發，根據瑞典發明家諾貝爾的遺囑，設有物理、化學、生理醫學、文學及和平等五個獎項；自1969年起，增設了經濟學諾貝爾獎。不知您是否曾有這樣的疑問，為什麼諾貝爾獎沒有數學獎項呢？坊間流傳的說法是，當初諾貝爾的夫人，曾經和瑞典一位很有成就的數學家米塔雷符勒有過一段婚外情，所以諾貝爾決定不設數學獎項。
英國數學家亞蘭杜林(Alan Turing，1912-1954)，雖然無緣在有生之年得到諾貝爾獎，但後人為了紀念他在數位計算理論貢獻而設立的杜林獎(Turing Award)，已被公認是計算機科學領域最崇高的獎項。
杜林獎從1966年開始頒發，受獎人都是對計算機科學有深遠影響的大師級學者。例如，在計算複雜度理論上有卓越貢獻的庫克(Cook)、C程式語言的創始人理奇(Ritchie)、Unix作業系統製作人湯普生(Thompson)及資料庫管理系統的先驅卡德(Codd)等。
1936年時，杜林提出了一個假想性的計算工具，稱為杜林機器(Turing machine)，這個機器有一個長條型、無窮多格的儲存磁帶，每一格位置是空白或一個符號；附帶在磁帶上的是一個可讀寫的磁頭，它可以在磁帶的格子往左或往右，並在每次移動時讀、寫或擦拭該格子；還有一個有限狀態控制機，可運用狀態的改變，配合目前磁頭所在的位置，來決定這些移動讀寫的動作。
這樣一個簡單的機器，它的運算功力竟然相當於今天的數位計算機，換句話說，目前數位計算機可以運算的方法，我們都可以在杜林機器上實現，很神奇吧！杜林當初也用這個抽象型的機器，證明了某些命題的不可決定性，這在數學及邏輯領域上，都算是二十世紀裡很重要的里程碑。
杜林也提出了如何決定電腦是否會“思考”的方法，他跳脫了哲學層次的說法，而是以模擬遊戲來進行，這個稱為「杜林試驗」的方法是這樣進行的：有兩個人和一部電腦，其中一個人扮演質詢者的角色；另一個人和電腦待在與質詢者不同的房間。質詢者可以問他們各式各樣的問題，但他並不知道誰是電腦及誰是另一個人，如果在一連串問題之後，電腦讓質詢者誤以為它是另一個人，它就算通過杜林試驗，就某個角度看，它是會思考的。杜林有關這個測試的論文，也被視為人工智慧研究領域的基石。
在二次世界大戰時，杜林曾發展一個可以破解德軍密碼的機器，不過世人在戰爭結束二十五年後才知曉。他也是馬拉松運動的好手，真是多才多藝的科學家。可惜他在1954年時就過世，只享年42歲。
图灵奖（Turing Award），是美国计算机协会（ACM）于1966年设立的，又叫“A.M. 图灵奖”，专门奖励那些对计算机事业作出重要贡献的个人。其名称取自计算机科学的先驱、英国科学家阿兰·图灵，这个奖设立目的之一是纪念这位科学家。获奖者的贡献必须是在计算机领域具有持久而重大的技术先进性的。大多数获奖者是计算机科学家。
图灵奖是计算机界最负盛名的奖项，有“计算机界诺贝尔奖”之称。图灵奖对获奖者的要求极高，评奖程序也极严，一般每年只奖励一名计算机科学家，只有极少数年度有两名以上在同一方向上做出贡献的科学家同时获奖。目前图灵奖由英特尔公司以及Google公司赞助，奖金为250,000美元。
每年，美国计算机协会将要求提名人推荐本年度的图灵奖候选人，并附加一份200到500字的文章，说明被提名者为什么应获此奖。任何人都可成为提名人。美国计算机协会将组成评选委员会对被提名者进行严格的评审，并最终确定当年的获奖者。
图灵奖获得者
年份 中文译名 姓名 贡献领域
1966年 艾伦·佩利 en:Alan J. Perlis 高级程序设计技巧，编译器构造
For his influence in the area of advanced programming techniques and compiler construction.
—— ALCOL语言和计算机科学的“催生者”
1967年 莫里斯·威尔克斯 en:Maurice V. Wilkes 存储程序式计算机EDSAC, 程序库
Professor Wilkes is best known as the builder and designer of the EDSAC, the first computer with an internally stored program. Built in 1949, the EDSAC used a mercury delay line memory. He is also known as the author, with Wheeler and Gill, of a volume on "Preparation of Programs for Electronic Digital Computers" in 1951, in which program libraries were effectively introduced.
—— 世界上第一台存储程序式计算机EDSAC的研制者
1968年 理查德·衛斯里·漢明 en:Richard Hamming 数值方法，自动编码系统，错误检测和纠错码
For his work on numerical methods, automatic coding systems, and error-detecting and error-correcting codes.
—— 发明纠错码的大数学家和信息学专家
1969年 马文·闵斯基 en:Marvin Minsky 人工智能
—— “人工智能之父”和框架理论的创立者
图灵奖引用(Turing Award Citation) ：
The citation for this award winner is not currently available.
在ACM的官方网站 上，没有对Marvin Minsky的图灵奖的Citation。但通常我们说Marvin Minsky是通过其在人工智能研究方面的杰出成就而获得1969年的图灵奖的。当年他才42岁。
Minsky被认为是20世纪人工智能(AI)研究的奠基人之一。1961年，Minsky发表了其著名的文章：Steps Toward Artificial Intelligence。原文可参见：
http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/papers/steps.html
1951年，Minsky建构了世界上第一个神经元网络模拟器–SNARC
更多的关于神经元网络: /AITopics/html/neural.html
关于人工智能的一些介绍可参见：
Artificial Intelligence: /wiki/Artificial_intelligence
Brief History of Artificial Intelligence:
/AITopics/bbhist.html
/topic/history-of-artificial-intelligence
Turing Award Lecture(图灵奖演讲文章)：
"Form and Content in Computer Science", Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery, Vol. 17, No. 2, April 1970
ABSTRACT. An excessive preoccupation with formalism is impeding the development of computer science. Form-content confusion is discussed relative to three areas: theory of computation, programming languages, and education.
原文可参见：http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/papers/TuringLecture/TuringLecture.html
Marvin L. Minsky简介:
Minsky1927年8月出身于美国纽约。Minsky于1950年在哈佛大学获得其数学学士学位；1954年从普林斯顿(Princeton)获得其数学博士学位。
Minsky是MIT AI 实验室的创办人之一。
Marvin L. Minsky Wiki: /wiki/Alan_Perlis
Marvin Minsky Website at MIT: http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/
1970年 詹姆斯·维尔金森 en:James H. Wilkinson 数值分析，线性代数，“倒退”错误分析
For his research in numerical analysis to facilitiate the use of the high-speed digital computer, having received special recognition for his work in computations in linear algebra and "backward" error analysis.
—— 数值分析专家和研制ACE计算机的功臣
1971年 约翰·麦卡锡 en:John McCarthy 人工智能
[Background]
Dr. McCarthy's lecture "The Present State of Research on Artificial Intellegence" is a topic that covers the area in which he has achieved considerable recognition for his work.
—— “人工智能之父”和LISP语言的发明人
1972年 艾兹格·迪科斯彻 en:Edsger Dijkstra 程序设计语言的科学与艺术
[Background]
The working vocabulary of programmers everywhere is studded with words originated or forcefully promulgated by E.W. Dijkstra - display, deadly embrace, semaphore, go-to-less programming, structured programming. But his influence on programming is more pervasive than any glossary can possibly indicate. The precious gift that this Turing Award acknowledges is Dijkstra's style: his approach to programming as a high, intellectual challenge; his eloquent insistence and practical demonstration that programs should be composed correctly, not just debugged into correctness; and his illuminating perception of problems at the foundations of program design. He has published about a dozen papers, both technical and reflective, among which are especially to be noted his philosophical address at IFIP, his already classic papers on cooperating sequential processes, and his memorable indictment of the go-to statement. An influential series of letters by Dijkstra have recently surfaced as a polished monograph on the art of composing programs. We have come to value good programs in much the same way as we value good literature. And at the center of this movement, creating and reflecting patters no less beautiful than useful, stands E.W. Dijkstra.
[Extract from the Turing award Citation ready by M.D. McIlroy, chairman of the ACM Turing Award Committee, at the presentatiion of his lecture on August 14, 1972, at the ACM Annual Conference in Boston.]
—— 最先察觉“goto有害”的计算机科学大师
1973年 查理士·巴赫曼 en:Charles W. Bachman 数据库技术
For his outstanding contributions to database technology.
—— “网状数据库之父”
1974年 高德纳 en:Donald E. Knuth 算法分析、程序设计语言的设计、程序设计
For his major contributions to the analysis of algorithms and the design of programming languages, and in particular for his contributions to the "art of computer programming" through his well-known books in a continuous series by this title.
—— 经典巨著《计算机程序设计的艺术》的年轻作者
1975年 艾伦·纽厄尔 赫伯特·西蒙 en:Allen Newell en:Herbert A. Simon 人工智能，人类认知心理学和列表处理 (list processing)
In joint scientific efforts extending over twenty years, initially in collaboration with J. C. Shaw at the RAND Corporation, and subsequentially with numerous faculty and student collegues at Carnegie-Mellon University, they have made basic contributions to artificial intelligence, the psychology of human cognition, and list processing.
—— 人工智能符号主义学派的创始人
1976年 迈克尔·拉宾 达纳·斯科特 en:Michael O. Rabin en:Dana S. Scott 非确定性自动机
For their joint paper "Finite Automata and Their Decision Problem," which introduced the idea of nondeterministic machines, which has proved to be an enormously valuable concept. Their (Scott & Rabin) classic paper has been a continuous source of inspiration for subsequent work in this field.
—— 非确定性有限状态自动机理论的开创者
1977年 约翰·巴克斯 en:John Backus 高级编程系统，程序设计语言规范的形式化定义
For profound, influential, and lasting contributions to the design of practical high-level programming systems, notably through his work on FORTRAN, and for seminal publication of formal procedures for the specification of programming languages.
—— FORTRAN和BNF的发明者
1978年 罗伯特·弗洛伊德 en:Robert W. Floyd 设计高效可靠软件的方法学
For having a clear influence on methodologies for the creation of efficient and reliable software, and for helping to found the following important subfields of computer science: the theory of parsing, the semantics of programming languages, automatic program verification, automatic program synthesis, and analysis of algorithms.
—— 前后断言法的创始人
1979年 肯尼斯·艾佛森 en:Kenneth E. Iverson 程序设计语言和数学符号，互动系统的设计，运用 APL进行教学，程序设计语言的理论与实践
For his pioneering effort in programming languages and mathematical notation resulting in what the computing field now knows as APL, for his contributions to the implementation of interactive systems, to educational uses of APL, and to programming language theory and practice.
—— 大器晚成的科学家，APL的发明人
1980年 安东尼·何珥 en:C. Antony R. Hoare 程序设计语言的定义与设计
For his fundamental contributions to the definition and design of programming languages.
—— 从QUICKSORT、CASE到程序设计语言的公理化
1981年 埃德加·科德 en:Edgar F. Codd 数据库系统，尤其是关系型数据库
For his fundamental and continuing contributions to the theory and practice of database management systems. He originated the relational approach to database management in a series of research papers published commencing in 1970. His paper "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks" was a seminal paper, in a continuing and carefully developed series of papers. Dr. Codd built upon this space and in doing so has provided the impetus for widespread research into numerous related areas, including database languages, query subsystems, database semantics, locking and recovery, and inferential subsystems.
—— “关系数据库之父”
1982年 史提芬·古克 en:Stephen A. Cook 计算复杂度
For his advancement of our understanding of the complexity of computation in a significant and profound way. His seminal paper, "The Complexity of Theorem Proving Procedures," presented at the 1971 ACM SIGACT Symposium on the Theory of Computing, laid the foundations for the theory of NP-Completeness. The ensuing exploration of the boundaries and nature of NP-complete class of problems has been one of the most active and important research activities in computer science for the last decade.
—— NP完全性理论的奠基人
1983年 肯·汤普逊 丹尼斯·里奇 en:Ken Thompson en:Dennis M. Ritchie UNIX操作系统和C语言
For their development of generic operating systems theory and specifically for the implementation of the UNIX operating system.
—— C和UNIX的发明者
1984年 尼古拉斯·沃斯 en:Niklaus Wirth 程序设计语言设计、程序设计
For developing a sequence of innovative computer languages, EULER, ALGOL-W, MODULA and PASCAL. PASCAL has become pedagogically significant and has provided a foundation for future computer language, systems, and architectural research.
—— PASCAL之父及结构化程序设计的首创者
1985年 理查德·卡普 en:Richard M. Karp 算法理论，尤其是NP-完全性理论
For his continuing contributions to the theory of algorithms including the development of efficient algorithms for network flow and other combinatorial optimization problems, the identification of polynomial-time computability with the intuitive notion of algorithmic efficiency, and, most notably, contributions to the theory of NP-completeness. Karp introduced the now standard methodology for proving problems to be NP-complete which has led to the identification of many theoretical and practical problems as being computationally difficult.
—— 发明“分支限界法”的三栖学者
1986年 约翰·霍普克罗夫特 罗伯特·塔扬 en:John Hopcroft en:Robert Tarjan 算法和数据结构的设计与分析
For fundamental achievements in the design and analysis of algorithms and data structures.
—— 硕果累累的算法设计大师
1987年 约翰·科克 en:John Cocke 编译理论，大型系统的体系结构，及精简指令集（RISC）计算机的开发
For significant contributions in the design and theory of compilers, the architecture of large systems and the development of reduced instruction set computers (RISC); for discovering and systematizing many fundamental transformations now used in optimizing compilers including reduction of operator strength, elimination of common subexpressions, register allocation, constant propagation, and dead code elimination.
——RISC概念的首创者
1988年 伊凡·苏泽兰 en:Ivan Sutherland 计算机图形学
For his pioneering and visionary contributions to computer graphics, starting with Sketchpad, and continuing after. Sketchpad, though written twenty-five years ago, introduced many techniques still important today. These include a display file for screen refresh, a recursively traversed hierarchical structure for modeling graphical objects, recursive methods for geometric transformations, and an object oriented programming style. Later innovations include a "Lorgnette" for viewing stereo or colored images, and elegant algorithms for registering digitized views, clipping polygons, and representing surfaces with hidden lines.
——计算机图形学之父
1989年 威廉·卡亨 en:William (Velvel) Kahan 数值分析
For his fundamental contributions to numerical analysis. One of the foremost experts on floating-point computations. Kahan has dedicated himself to "making the world safe for numerical computations"!
—— 浮点计算的先驱
1990年 费尔南多·考巴托 en:Fernando J. Corbató CTSS和 Multics
For his pioneering work organizing the concepts and leading the development of the general-purpose, large-scale, time-sharing and resource-sharing computer systems, CTSS and Multics.
1991年 罗宾·米尔纳 en:Robin Milner LCF，ML語言，CCS
For three distinct and complete achievements: 1) LCF, the mechanization of Scott's Logic of Computable Functions, probably the first theoretically based yet practical tool for machine assisted proof construction; 2) ML, the first language to include polymorphic type inference together with a type-safe exception-handling mechanism; 3) CCS, a general theory of concurrency. In addition, he formulated and strongly advanced full abstraction, the study of the relationship between operational and denotational semantics.
—— 标准元语言ML的开发者
1992年 巴特勒·兰普森 en:Butler W. Lampson 分布式，个人计算环境
For contributions to the development of distributed, personal computing environments and the technology for their implementation: workstations, networks, operating systems, programming systems, displays, security and document publishing.
—— 从Alto系统的首席科学家到微软的首席技术官
1993年 尤里斯·哈特马尼斯 理查德·斯特恩斯 en:Juris Hartmanis en:Richard E. Stearns 计算复杂度理论
In recognition of their seminal paper which established the foundations for the field of computational complexity theory.
—— 计算复杂性理论的主要奠基人
1994年 爱德华·费根鲍姆 拉吉·瑞迪 en:Edward Feigenbaum en:Raj Reddy 大规模人工智能系统
For pioneering the design and construction of large scale artificial intelligence systems, demonstrating the practical importance and potential commercial impact of artificial intelligence technology.
—— 大型人工智能系统的开拓者
1995年 曼纽尔·布卢姆 en:Manuel Blum 计算复杂度理论，及其在密码学和程序校验上的应用
In recognition of his contributions to the foundations of computational complexity theory and its application to cryptography and program checking.
—— 计算复杂性理论的主要奠基人之一
1996年 艾米尔·伯努利 en:Amir Pnueli 时序逻辑，程序与系统验证
"For seminal work introducing temporal logic into computing science and for outstanding contributions to program and system verification."
—— 把时态逻辑引入计算机科学
1997年 道格拉斯·恩格尔巴特 en:Douglas Engelbart 互动计算
"For an inspiring vision of the future of interactive computing and the invention of key technologies to help realize this vision."
—— 鼠标器的发明人和超文本研究的先驱
1998年 詹姆斯·尼古拉·格雷 en:James Gray 数据库与事务处理
"For seminal contributions to database and transaction processing research and technical leadership in system implementation."
—— 数据库技术和“事务处理”专家
1999年 弗雷德里克·布鲁克斯 en:Frederick P. Brooks, Jr. 计算机体系结构，操作系统，软件工程
"For landmark contributions to computer architecture, operating systems, and software engineering."
—— IBM 360系列计算机的总设计师和总指挥
2000年姚启智 en:Andrew Chi-Chih Yao 计算理论，包括伪随机数生成，密码学与通信复杂度
"In recognition of his fundamental contributions to the theory of computation, including the complexity-based theory of pseudorandom number generation, cryptography, and communication complexity."
—— 对计算理论做出了诸多“根本性的、意义重大的”贡献图灵奖自创立以来获得该奖项的首位华裔学者
2001年 奥利-约翰·达尔 克利斯登·奈加特 en:Ole-Johan Dahl en:Kristen Nygaard 面向对象编程
"For ideas fundamental to the emergence of object oriented programming, through their design of the programming languages Simula I and Simula 67."
—— 在设计编程语言SIMULA I 和SIMULA 67时产生的基础性想法是面向对象技术的肇始。
2002年 罗纳德·李维斯特 阿迪·萨莫尔 伦纳德·阿德曼 en:Ronald L. Rivest en:Adi Shamir en:Leonard M. Adleman 公钥密码学（RSA加密演算法） 2002 – Ronald L. Rivest See the ACM Author Profile in the Digital Library
"For their ingenious contribution for making public-key cryptography useful in practice."
—— 在公共密匙算法上所做的杰出贡献(RSA算法是当前在互联网传输、银行以及信用卡产业中被广泛使用的安全基本机制)。
阿伦·凯 en:Alan Kay 面向对象编程
"For pioneering many of the ideas at the root of contemporary object-oriented programming languages, leading the team that developed Smalltalk, and for fundamental contributions to personal computing."
—— 发明第一个完全面向对象的动态计算机程序设计语言Smalltalk.
文特·瑟夫 罗伯特·卡恩 en:Vinton G. Cerf en:Robert E. Kahn TCP/IP协议
"For pioneering work on internetworking, including the design and implementation of the Internet's basic communications protocols, TCP/IP, and for inspired leadership in networking."
—— 在计算机网络领域的先锋性工作,包括设计和实现了TCP/IP协议栈
彼得·诺尔 en:Peter Naur Algol 60语言
For fundamental contributions to programming language design and the definition of Algol 60, to compiler design, and to the art and practice of computer programming.
法蘭西斯·艾倫 en:Frances E. Allen 優化編譯器
For pioneering contributions to the theory and practice of optimizing compiler techniques that laid the foundation for modern optimizing compilers and automatic parallel execution.
爱德蒙·克拉克 艾伦·爱默生 约瑟夫·斯发基斯 en:Edmund M. Clarke en:Allen Emerson en:Joseph Sifakis 开发自动化方法检测计算机硬件和软件中的设计错误
For his role in developing Model-Checking into a highly effective verification technology, widely adopted in the hardware and software industries.
芭芭拉·利斯科夫 en:Barbara Liskov 编程语言和系统设计的实践与理论( building blocks for software programming languages )
Citation
For contributions to practical and theoretical foundations of programming language and system design, especially related to data abstraction, fault tolerance, and distributed computing.
