高中知识搜索小程序动词时态的知识网络(以动词do为例)考向1 一般时一般时包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时和一般过去将来时。一、一般现在时1. 一般现在时的构成一般现在时主要用动词原形来表示。主语是第三人称单数时，动词后面要加-s或-es。☞They want good jobs.他们想要好的工作。☞The coat matches the dress.外衣和裙子很相配。☞This work does not satisfy me.这项工作我不满意。☞Do you understand?你懂了吗?2. 一般现在时的用法①一般现在时的基本用法a. 表示现在习惯性的动作或存在状态☞He always takes a walk after supper.晚饭后他总是散散步。☞Everyone is in high spirits now.现在大家都情绪高涨。b. 表示客观事实或普遍真理☞The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.太阳从东方升起在西方落下。☞Sound travels faster through water than it does through air.声音在水中的传播速度要比在空气中快。☞Time and tide wait for no man.时间不等人。c. 表示主语的特征、能力和状态☞This cloth feels soft.这布摸上去很软。☞I love classical music.我喜欢古典音乐。☞The President still seems able to find time to go fishing.看来总统仍能有时间去钓鱼。d. 表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作☞The meeting begins at 7:00.会议七点钟开始。☞We leave here at 8:00 sharp.我们八点整离开这里。e. 在时间、条件、让步状语从句中表示将来动作☞When you come next time, bring me some magazines.你下次来时，给我带几本杂志。☞If time allows, we shall go there tomorrow.如果时间允许的话，我们明天去那里。☞Whether he agrees or not, I will stay at home.不管他同意与否，我都会待在家里。②一般现在时的特殊用法a. 用于新闻标题或图片说明中☞China Declares Manned Spaceflight Successful中国宣布载人航天飞行圆满成功☞Laura Bush Arrives in Moscow劳拉·布什抵达莫斯科b. 用于体育运动、表演等实况报道中☞Francis slips past, passes the ball to Yao Ming, who jumps, catches and shoots it into the basket.弗朗西斯穿过去，把球传给姚明，姚明跳起来，接住球投进篮里。☞Now, look, I press the button and turn on the machine.现在，看，我按下按扭，打开了这台机器。c. 表示告诫或劝说☞You mind your own business.你不要管闲事！☞If he does that again, he goes to prison.如果他再那样的话，他就会进监狱的。d. 表示现在瞬间的动作☞Here comes the bus.汽车来了。☞There goes the bell.铃响了。2. 一般过去时①一般过去时的基本用法a. 表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态☞He suddenly fell ill yesterday.昨天他突然生病了。☞The engine stopped because the fuel was used up.发动机因燃料用光而停机了。注意：在一般过去时的句子中，通常都要有表示过去的时间状语。【误】I visited the Palace Museum.（在没有上下文的情况下，应避免这样说）【正】I visited the Palace Museum last year.去年我参观过故宫博物院。【正】I have visited the Palace Museum.我参观过故宫博物院。b. 表示过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态☞I wrote home once a week at college.我上大学时每周给家里写一封信。☞He was already in the habit of reading widely in his boyhood.他童年时就养成了广泛阅读的习惯。表示过去的习惯性动作，除了用过去式外，还可以用used to或would来表示。☞She used to study late into the night when she was in Senior Three.她上高三时经常学习到深夜。☞He would sit for hours doing nothing.过去他常常一坐几个钟头什么事也不做。c. 表示过去连续发生的一系列动作☞She entered the room, picked up a magazine and looked through it carefully.她走进房间，拿起一本杂志，认真地翻阅了起来。☞The students got up early in the morning, did morning exercises and then read English aloud in the open air.学生们很早起床，做早操，然后在室外朗读英语。②一般过去时的特殊用法a. 在虚拟语气中表示现在或将来时间的动作或状态☞It’s time we went.是我们该走的时候了。☞I wish I were twenty years younger.但愿我年轻20岁。☞I would rather you didn’t do anything for the time being.我宁愿你暂时先不要采取什么措施。b. 在口语中，一般过去时往往显示委婉客气。☞I wondered if you could give me a hand.我想请你帮个忙。☞Might I come and see you tonight?我想今晚来看你，好吗？3．一般现在时和一般过去时的比较一般现在时要和现在时间相联系，而一般过去时和说话的＂现在＂不相联系。☞His father is a film director.他父亲是电影导演。（他现在还是）☞His father was a film director.他父亲曾是电影导演。（他现在不是）☞How do you like the novel?你觉得这部小说怎么样？（还在看小说）☞How did you like the novel?你觉得这部小说怎么样？（已看完小说）三、一般将来时1. 一般将来时的用法①表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态☞I shall be free this afternoon.我今天下午有空。☞There’ll be no chemistry classes tomorrow.明天没有化 球。☞Big Ben has rarely gone wrong.大本钟很少出差错。c. 包含现在时间在内的时间状语：now, just, today, this morning, this week, this year等☞I have just finished the letter now.我现在刚写完信。☞You have just missed the bus.你刚好错过公共汽车。☞Has he done much work today?他今天做了很多工作吗？比较：already和yet用法上的区别already常用于肯定句，置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句，置于句末。但already有时也可用在疑问句中暗示惊讶的心情。☞She has already gone.她早就走了。☞Have you eaten your dinner already?你已经吃过饭了?☞He has not come yet.他还没有来。②与现在完成时＂未完成＂用法连用的时间状语与＂已完成＂用法一样，表示具体的过去的时间状语不能与＂未完成＂用法连用。与其连用的往往是指一段时间的状语以具体表示某一动作或状态持续了多久。a. since + 具体时间，表示动作或状态从何时开始☞Since then, he has developed another bad habit.自那以后他养成了另一个坏习惯。☞He hasn’t been home since he graduated.他毕业后就没回过家。b. for + 一段时间，表示动作或状态持续了多久☞We have worked here for ages.我们在这里工作很久了。☞There has been no rain here for nearly two months.这里已经近两个月没有下雨了。c. until now, up till now, so far, up to the moment到目前为止☞I have not seen him so far.到目前为止我没见过他。☞Up to the present, everything has been OK.到目前为止一切正常。d. in/during the past/last five years在刚刚过去的5年里☞He has been away from school during the last few weeks.过去的几个星期里他没在学校。☞In the past few years they have dealt with quite a few international corporations successfully. 在过去的几年中他们已经和好几家跨国公司做成了生意。e. all the while, all day 一直，一整天☞She has been busy all day. 她忙了一整天。【易混辨析】现在完成时和一般过去时的区别①两者都可表示过去发生过的动作，但前者表示的是过去的动作对现在的影响，而后者则只是表示过去有这一动作的事实。☞He locked the door.他锁过门。（但现在门是开是锁不清楚。）☞He has locked the door.他把门锁上了。（现在门是锁着的。）☞Who turned on the light?谁开的灯？（着眼开灯的动作，不管现在灯是开是关。）☞Who has turned on the light?谁把灯打开了？（着眼开灯的结果，即现在灯还亮着。）②两者都可表示过去开始并延续了一段时间的动作，现在完成时表示该动作仍在继续，而一般过去时则说明该动作现已终止。☞He has lived in Beijing for four years.他在北京住了四年了。（现在仍住那儿）☞He lived in Beijing for four years.他曾在北京住了四年。（现在不住那儿了）二、 过去完成时过去完成时的动作须在过去某一时间之前发生，即发生在＂过去的过去＂。1. 过去完成时的用法①＂已完成＂用法表示某一动作或状态在过去某一时间之前或过去某一动作之前已经完成。句中常用by引导的时间状语或以 before, until, when, than等词引导的内含一般过去时的时间状语从句。☞By 5:00 yesterday morning we had done that work.到昨天早上5点钟时，我们已经做完了那件工作。☞He had just finished sweeping the classroom when the teacher returned from the office.老师从办公室回来时，他刚把教室打扫完。☞They came earlier than we had expected.他们到得比我们预料的要早。☞I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.我在进大学之前就已学了5000个单词。☞It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months.旱了好几个月之后，昨天下雨了。注意：在包含before和after的复合句中，因为从句动作和主句动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。☞The train (had) started before I reached the station.在我到达车站之前，列车已经开了。☞After he (had) arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。②＂未完成＂用法表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时刻之前就已开始，一直持续到这一过去时间，还可能再持续下去。☞Up to that time all had gone well.直到那时一切都很顺利。☞John and Jane had known each other for a long time before their marriage.约翰和简在结婚前就认识很长时间了。☞She said she had made much progress since she came here.她说自从她到这儿后已取得了很大的进步。③＂想象性＂用法过去完成时有时表示一种未实现的愿望或想法，主要用在if引导的和过去事实相反的条件句以及wish, as if引导的从句中。☞If she had worked hard, she would have succeeded.要是她努力的话，她就会成功了。（事实上她没努力，也没成功。）☞I wish I had gone with you to the concert.我要是和你一起去音乐会就好了。☞The two strangers talked as if they had been good friends for many years.那两个陌生人交谈起来就像是多年的老朋友。④表示＂刚刚……就……＂过去完成时常用在hardly/scarcely/barely ... when..., no sooner ... than ... 等结构中，表示＂刚刚……就……＂。☞Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。☞No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到就又走了。注意：intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时可以用来表示一个本来打算做而未做的事。☞I had meant to come, but something happened.我原本打算来的，但有事发生了。☞I had intended to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.我本打算去看你的，但没能去成。2. 过去完成时与一般过去时的比较一般过去时表示过去时间的动作或状态。过去完成时表示的动作或状态发生在一般过去时表示的动作或状态之前，因此它表示的是＂比过去更过去＂。☞I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已归还了我借的书。☞He didn’t know a thing about the verb, for he had not studied his lessons.他对动词一无所知，因为他没有好好学习功课。☞I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.我在车站等了20分钟车才来。三、将来完成时将来完成时的用法①表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。☞We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term.到这个学期末，我们将学完12个单元。☞By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍。☞Will you soon have finished laying the table?你会很快摆放好餐桌吗？注意：在时间状语从句中，不用将来完成时，要用现在完成时来代替。☞When I have finished that, I shall have done all I am supposed to do.等我做完这件事时，我就做完我该做的所有的事了。☞Please don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.请待车停稳了再下车。②表示推测☞You will have heard of this, I guess.我想你已经听说过这件事了。☞I am sure he will have got the information.我相信他一定得到了这个信息。四、完成进行时完成进行时是完成时和进行时的结合，包括现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。1. 现在完成进行时的用法 ①表示动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到现在现在完成进行时常和all this time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently等状语以及since和for引导的状语连用。☞I have been reading Hemingway’s Farewell to Arms recently.我最近一直在读海明威的《永别了，武器》。☞She has been reciting the words all the morning.她整个上午都在背单词。☞This is what I have been expecting since my childhood.这是我从小以来就一直期待着的事情。②表示动作刚刚结束☞My clothes are all wet. I’ve been working in the rain.我的衣服全湿了，我刚才一直在雨中干活。☞He is dead drunk. He’s been drinking with his friends.他烂醉如泥，他刚才一直在和朋友们喝酒。③表示一个近期内时断时续、重复发生的动作☞You’ve been saying that for five years.这话你已经说了五年了。☞He has been writing articles to the newspapers and magazines since he became a teacher.自从任教以来，他一直在为报刊杂志撰稿。④表达较重的感情色彩☞What have you been doing to my dictionary?看你把我的字典弄成什么样子了！☞Time has been flying so quickly!时间过得可真快啊！☞Too much has beenhappening today.今天可真是个多事的日子。【易混辨析】现在完成进行时和现在完成时的比较①现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复，而现在完成时一般不表示重复性。☞Have you been meeting him recently?你最近常和他见面吗？☞Have you met him recently?你最近见到过他吗？②现在完成进行时有时含有感情色彩，而现在完成时一般是平铺直叙。☞I have been waiting for you for two hours.我一直等了你两个小时。（可能表示不满）☞I have waited for you for two hours.我等了你两个小时。（说明一个事实）③现在完成进行时强调动作，而现在完成时强调结果。☞Who has been eating the oranges?谁一直在吃这些桔子呀？（还剩余一些）☞Who has eaten the oranges? 谁把桔子吃光了？（强调吃得一个不剩）2. 过去完成进行时①表示过去某一时间之前一直进行的动作过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到这一过去时间。和过去完成时一样，过去完成进行时也必须以一过去时间为前提。☞I had been looking for it for days before I found it.这东西我找了好多天才找着的。☞They had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came.他们只等了一会儿车就来了。②表示反复的动作☞He had been mentioning your name to me.他过去多次向我提到过你的名字。☞You had been giving me everything.你对我真是有求必应。③过去完成进行时还常用于间接引语中（详见第12章）☞The doctor asked what he had been eating.医生问他吃了什么。☞I asked where they had been staying all those days.我问他们那些天是待在哪儿的。④过去完成进行时之后也可接具有＂突然＂之意的when 分句☞I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in.我刚看了几分钟他就进来了。☞She’d only been reviewing her lessons for a short while when her little sister interrupted her. 她温习功课才一会儿，她妹妹就打断她了。考向4 主动形式表示被动意义1. 有些动词如read, write, clean, wash, iron, burn, draw, cook, keep, cut, open, blow, peel, sell, act等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，常和副词well, easily, smoothly等连用，且通常用主动结构表示被动含义。这些动词的主语一般是表物的词，且这些物往往具有某种内在的特点，这些句子的时态多用一般现在时或一般将来时。如：☞This pen writes smoothly.这笔写起来很流畅。☞The cloth washes well.这种布料耐洗。2．动词need, require, want, be worth后加v.ing的主动结构表被动意义。☞My watch can’t work; it needs repairing.我的手表不能用了，需要修了。☞This film is really worth seeing.这部电影的确值得看。☞The book is worth reading again.＝The book is worthy of being read again.＝The book is worthy to be read again.这本书值得再读一遍。3. 在＂主语＋be＋形容词＋不定式＂句型中，形容词后跟不定式作状语，而句子的主语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，常用不定式的主动形式表达被动含义。这样的形容词很多，常用的有：amusing, cheap, comfortable, dangerous, difficult, easy, fit, hard, important, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, funny, heavy, light等。☞That question is difficult to answer.那个问题不容易回答。4. 动词不定式放于名词或代词之后作定语，不定式和名词之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，同时又和句中另一名词或代词构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。☞I have a lot of things to do this afternoon.今天下午我有许多事情要做。(to do与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。)☞I’ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to post?我要去邮局。你有信要寄吗？(post与主语you之间不存在主谓关系，只和前面letter构成动宾关系。)【巧学妙记】主动语态变被动语态记忆口诀一般现、过用be done，be有人称、时、数变。完成时态have done，被动将been加中间。一般将来shall (will) do，被动变do为be done。将来进行无被动，shall (will) be doing。现在完成进行同，have (has) been doing。现、过进行be doing，被动be加being done。情、助、有、是妥安排，一律随新主语变。否定助后加not，疑问一助置主前。主语恰是疑问词，直陈语序主在前。一般情助加be done，双宾多将间宾变。复合宾语宾变主，宾补、主补相应变。注释：①＂be有人称、时、数变＂即be有人称、时态和单、复数的变化。②＂情助＂是指情态动词和助动词must，may，can，shall，will等一律随新主语(多是主动句中的宾语)来变化。③＂疑问一助置主前＂是说有两个助动词的话，应把主语放在第一助动词之后或把第一助动词置于主语之前。
