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linux 进程间通信及makefile 无名管道/有名管道/共享内存/信号/消息队列

时间:2021-09-28 23:24:44

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linux 进程间通信及makefile   无名管道/有名管道/共享内存/信号/消息队列

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Linux进程间通信(IPC)由以下几部分发展而来:

1.Unix进程间通信

2.基于System V进程间通信

3.POSIX进程间通信

分类

现在Linux使用的进程间通信方式包括:

1. 管道(pipe)和有名管道(FIFO)

2. 信号(signal)(事件通知)

3. 消息队列

4. 共享内存

5. 信号量

6. 套接字(socket)

管道通信

管道是单向的、先进先出的,它把一个进程的输出和另一个进程的输入连接在一起。一个进程(写进程)在管道的尾部写入数据,另一个进程(读进程)从管道的头部读出数据。

管道创建

管道包括无名管道和有名管道两种,前者用于父进程和子进程间的通信,后者可用于运行于同一系统中的任意两个进程间的通信。

无名管道有pipe()函数创建:

int pipe(int filedis[2]);

当一个管道建立时,它会创建两个文件描述符:filedis[0]用于读管道,filedis[1]用于写管道(将管道的头部和尾部分别看做两个文件,这两个文件就应该对应于两个文件描述符)

管道关闭

关闭管道只需将这两个文件描述符关闭即可,可以使用普通的close函数逐个关闭

管道读写

管道用于不同进程间通信。通常先创建一个管道,再通过fork函数创建一个子进程,该子进程会继承父进程所创建的管道(父进程和子进程通过该无名管道进行通信,父进程向该管道写数据,子进程向管道读数据)

注意事项

必须在系统调用fork()前调用pipe(),否则子进程将不会继承文件描述符(如果顺序相反,则会发现会创建两个管道)

例pipe_rw.c

命名管道(FIFO)

命名管道和无名管道基本相同,但也有不同点:无名管道只能由父子进程使用;但是通过命名管道,不相关的进程也能交换数据

从实质上来讲命名管道就是一个文件

创建

#include<sys/types.h>

#include<sys/stat.h>

intmkfifo(constchar*pathname,mode_tmode)

--pathname:FIFO文件名(命名管道的名字)

--mode:属性(见文件操作章节)

一旦创建了一个FIFO,就可用open打开它,一般的文件访问函数(close、read、write等)都可用于FIFO

相关资料:/renhc/blog/35125

/space.php?uid=20384806&do=blog&id=1954102

/uid-20384806-id-1954101.html

操作

当打开FIFO时,非阻塞标志(O_NONBLOCK)将对以后的读写产生如下影响:

1.没有使用O_NONBLOCK:访问要求无法满足时进程将阻塞。如试图读取空的FIFO,将导致进程阻塞

2.使用O_NONBLOCK:访问要求无法满足时不阻塞,立刻出错返回,errno是ENXIO

例fifo_write.c、fifo_read.c

信号通信

信号(signal)机制是Unix系统中最为古老的进程间通信机制,很多条件可以产生一个信号:

1.当用户按某些按键时,产生信号

2.硬件异常产生信号:除数为0、无效的存储访问等等。这些情况通常由硬件检测到,将其通知内核,然后内核产生适当的信号通知进程,例如,内核对正访问一个无效存储区的进程产生一个SIGSEGV信号

3.进程用kill函数将信号发送给另一个进程

4.用户可用kill命令将信号发送给其他进程

信号类型

下面是几种常见的信号:

SIGHUP:从终端发出的结束信号

SIGINT:来自键盘的中断信号(Ctrl-C)

SIGKILL:该信号结束接受信号的进程

SIGTERM:kill命令发出的信号

SIGCHLD:标示子进程停止或结束的信号

SIGSTOP:来自键盘(Ctrl-Z)或调试程序的停止执行信号

其他的信号类型

信号处理

当某信号出现时,将按照下列三种方式中的一种进行处理:

1.忽略此信号

大多数信号都按照这种方式进行处理,但有两种信号决不能被忽略。他们是:SIGKILL和SIGSTOP。这两种信号不能被忽略的原因是:它们向超级用户提供了一种终止或停止进程的方法

2.执行用户希望的动作

通知内核在某种信号发生时,调用一个用户函数。在用户函数中,执行用户希望的处理

3.执行系统默认动作

对大多数信号的系统默认动作时终止该进程。

信号发送

发送信号的主要函数有kill和raise

区别:

kill既可以向进程本身发送信号,也可以向其他进程发送信号。Raise函数是向进程自身发送信号

#include<sys/types.h>

#include<signal.h>

intkill(pid_tpid,intsigno)

---pid是要进行处理的进程ID

---sigo是要发出的信号类型

intraise(intsigno)

kill的pid参数有四种不同的情况:

1.pid>0将信号发送给进程ID为pid的进程

2.Pid==0将信号发送给同组的进程

3.Pid<0将信号发送给其进程组ID等于pid绝对值的进程

4.Pid==-1将信号发送给所有进程。

Alarm

使用alarm函数可以设置一个时间值(闹钟时间),当所设置的时间到了时,产生SIGALRM信号(发送给自身)。如果不捕捉此信号,则默认动作是终止该进程。

#include<unistd.h>

unsignedintalarm(unsignedintseconds)

---seconds:经过了指定的seconds秒后会产生信号SIGALRM

每个进程只能有一个闹钟时间。如果在调用alarm时,以前已为该进程设置过闹钟时间,而且它还没有超时,以前登记的闹钟时间则被新值代换。

如果有以前登记的尚未超过的闹钟时间,而这次seconds值是0,则表示取消以前的闹钟

Pause

Pause函数使调用过程挂起直至捕捉到一个信号。

#include<unistd.h>

intpause(void)

只有执行了一个信号处理函数后,挂起才结束。

信号的处理

当系统捕捉到某个信号时,可以忽略该信号或是使用指定的处理函数来处理该信号,或者使用系统默认的方式

信号处理的主要方法有两种,一种是使用简单的signal函数,另一种是使用信号集函数组

Signal原型

#include<signal.h>

void(*signal(intsigno,void(*func)(int)))(int)

如何理解?

typedefvoid(*sighandler_t)(int)

sighandler_tsignal(intsignum,sighandler_thandler)

第一个参数signum指明了所要处理的信号类型,它可以取除了SIGKILL和SIGSTOP外的任何一种信号。handler参数是一个指针,指向某个处理该信号的函数。这个处理信号函数带有一个int型参数,并应返回void。

func(handler)可能的值是:

1.SIG_IGN:忽略此信号

2.SIG_DFL:按系统默认方式处理

3.信号处理函数名:使用该函数处理.(所有的信号处理函数都只有一个int类型的参数)

例mysignal.c

参考资料:/view/64630.htm

共享内存

共享内存是被多个进程共享的一部分物理内存。共享内存是进程间共享数据的一种最快的方法,一个进程向共享内存区域写入了数据,共享这个内存区域的所有进程就可以立刻看到其中的内容。

共享内存实现分为两个步骤:

一、创建共享内存,使用shmget函数

二、映射共享内存,将这段创建的共享内存映射到具体的进程空间去,使用shmat函数

创建

intshmget(key_tkey,intsize,intshmflg)

key标示共享内存的键值:0/IPC_PRIVATE。当key的取值为IPC_PRIVATE,则函数shmget()将创建一块新的共享内存;如果key的取值为0,而参数shmflg中又设置IPC_PRIVATE这个标志,则同样会创建一块新的共享内存

返回值:如果成功,返回共享内存标识符;如果失败,返回-1.

映射

void*shmat(intshmid,char*shmaddr,intflag)

参数:

---shmid:shmget函数返回的共享存储标识符

---flag:决定以什么方式来确定映射的地址(通常为0)

---shmaddr是指该共享内存在各进程中的地址值,如果是0则表示系统自动为其找一个地址址(同一块共享内存在各进程中是不一样的)

返回值:如果成功,则返回共享内存映射到进程中的地址;如果失败,则返回-1.

当一个进程不再需要共享内存时,需要把它从进程地址空间中脱离

intshmdt(char*shmaddr),其中shmaddr是从shmat()函数中的shmaddr中来

例shmem.c

1、 无名管道代码:#include <stdio.h>#include <string.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <fcntl.h>#include <sys/types.h>#include <sys/stat.h>#include <unistd.h>#include <errno.h>#include <math.h>int main(int argc, char *argv[]){pid_t pid;int pipe_fd[2];char buf_r[100];char *p_wbuf;int r_num;memset(buf_r, 0, sizeof(buf_r));if(pipe(pipe_fd) < 0){printf("pipe create error\n");return -1;}//create child processif((pid = fork()) == 0){printf("\n");close(pipe_fd[1]); sleep(2);if((r_num = read(pipe_fd[0], buf_r, 100)) > 0)printf("%d numbers read from the pipe is %s\n", r_num, buf_r);close(pipe_fd[0]);exit(0);}else if(pid > 0){close(pipe_fd[0]);if(write(pipe_fd[1], "Hello", 5) != -1)printf("parent write1 Hello\n");if(write(pipe_fd[1], "Pipe", 5) != -1)printf("parent write2 Pipe\n");close(pipe_fd[1]);waitpid(pid, NULL, 0);exit(0);}return 0;}Makefile:CC = gccCURTDIR = $(shell pwd)TARGET = mypipe%.o:%.c$(CC)-c $(EXTRAFLAGS) $< -o $@%.o:%.S$(CC)-c $(EXTRAFLAGS) $< -o $@.PHONY: all clean$(TARGET): $(TARGET).o$(CC) -o $@ $^clean:rm-rf $(TARGET) $(TARGET).o运行结果:eastmoon@eastmoon-virtual-machine:~/work/guoqian/2/2.1$makegcc -c mypipe.c -o mypipe.ogcc -o mypipe mypipe.oeastmoon@eastmoon-virtual-machine:~/work/guoqian/2/2.1$lsMakefile mypipe mypipe.c mypipe.oeastmoon@eastmoon-virtual-machine:~/work/guoqian/2/2.1$./mypipeparent write1 Helloparent write2 Pipe10 numbers read from the pipe is HelloPipe结论:由于fork函数让子进程完整地拷贝了父进程的整个地址空间,所以父子进程都有管道的读端和写端。而我们需要的是一个进程读,一个进程写,所以写的进程最好关闭读端,读的进程关闭写端。2、 有名管道代码1:#include <stdio.h>#include <string.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <fcntl.h>#include <sys/types.h>#include <sys/stat.h>#include <unistd.h>#include <errno.h>#include <math.h>#define FIFO_SERVER "/tmp/myfifo"int main(int argc, char *argv[]){int fd;char w_buf[100];int nwrite;if((mkfifo(FIFO_SERVER, O_CREAT | O_EXCL | O_RDWR) < 0)&& (errno!= EEXIST))printf("cannot create fifoserver\n");fd = open(FIFO_SERVER, O_RDWR | O_NONBLOCK, 0);if(fd == -1){perror("open");exit(1);}if(argc == 1){printf("please send something\n");exit(-1);}strcpy(w_buf, argv[1]);if((nwrite == write(fd, w_buf, 100)) == -1){if(errno == EAGAIN)printf("The FIFO has not been read yet. please try later\n");}elseprintf("write %s to the FIFO\n", w_buf);close(fd);return 0;}代码2:#include <stdio.h>#include <string.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <fcntl.h>#include <sys/types.h>#include <sys/stat.h>#include <unistd.h>#include <errno.h>#include <math.h>#define FIFO_SERVER "/tmp/myfifo"int main(int argc, char *argv[]){int fd;char buf_r[100];int nread;if((mkfifo(FIFO_SERVER, O_CREAT | O_EXCL | O_RDWR) < 0)&& (errno!= EEXIST))printf("cannot create fifoserver\n");fd = open(FIFO_SERVER, O_RDWR | O_NONBLOCK, 0);if(fd == -1){perror("open");exit(1);}while(1){memset(buf_r, 0, sizeof(buf_r));if(nread = read(fd, buf_r, 100) == -1){if(errno == EAGAIN)printf("no datayet\n");}printf("read %s from FIFO\n", buf_r);sleep(1);}close(fd);pause();unlink(FIFO_SERVER);return 0;}Makefile:CC = gccCURTDIR = $(shell pwd)TARGET = myfifo_write#TARGET = myfifo_read%.o:%.c$(CC)-c $(EXTRAFLAGS) $< -o $@%.o:%.S$(CC)-c $(EXTRAFLAGS) $< -o $@.PHONY: all clean$(TARGET): $(TARGET).o$(CC) -o $@ $^clean:rm-rf $(TARGET) $(TARGET).orm-rf $(TARGETR) $(TARGETR).o运行结果:eastmoon@eastmoon-virtual-machine:~/work/guoqian/2/2.2$sudo ./myfifo_write hellowrite hello to the FIFOeastmoon@eastmoon-virtual-machine:~/work/guoqian/2/2.2$sudo ./myfifo_write fifowrite fifo to the FIFOeastmoon@eastmoon-virtual-machine:~/work/guoqian/2/2.2$sudo ./myfifo_readno data yetread from FIFOno data yetread from FIFOno data yetread from FIFOread hello from FIFOno data yetread from FIFOread fifo from FIFOno data yetread from FIFO总结:先创建一个有名管道,打开管道之后向管道中写入由主函数传入的字符串,然后另一个进程循环从管道中读取数据。当没有数据时,是读不到的,当有数据时,就可以读到了。3、 信号处理代码:#include <stdio.h>#include <string.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <fcntl.h>#include <sys/types.h>#include <sys/stat.h>#include <unistd.h>#include <errno.h>#include <math.h>#include <signal.h>void my_func(int sign_no){if(sign_no == SIGBUS){printf("I have get SIGBUS\n");}}int main(int argc, char *argv[]){printf("Waiting for signal SIGBUS\n");signal(SIGBUS, my_func);pause();return 0;}Makefile:CC = gccCURTDIR = $(shell pwd)TARGET = mysig%.o:%.c$(CC)-c $(EXTRAFLAGS) $< -o $@%.o:%.S$(CC)-c $(EXTRAFLAGS) $< -o $@.PHONY: all clean$(TARGET): $(TARGET).o$(CC) -o $@ $^clean:rm-rf $(TARGET) $(TARGET).o运行结果:eastmoon@eastmoon-virtual-machine:~/work/guoqian/2/2.3$makegcc -c mysig.c -o mysig.ogcc -o mysig mysig.oeastmoon@eastmoon-virtual-machine:~/work/guoqian/2/2.3$lsMakefile mysig mysig.c mysig.oeastmoon@eastmoon-virtual-machine:~/work/guoqian/2/2.3$./mysigWaiting for signal SIGBUSeastmoon@eastmoon-virtual-machine:~/work/guoqian/2/2.3$ps -aux | grep mysigWarning: bad ps syntax, perhaps a bogus'-'? See /faq.htmleastmoon 10270 0.0 0.4 9116 3124 pts/2 S+ 15:09 0:00 vi mysig.txteastmoon 10295 0.0 0.0 1728 244 pts/3 S+ 15:10 0:00 ./mysigeastmoon 10300 0.0 0.1 5804 876 pts/4 S+ 15:11 0:00 grep --color=auto mysigeastmoon@eastmoon-virtual-machine:~/work/guoqian/2/2.3$kill -BUS 10295eastmoon@eastmoon-virtual-machine:~/work/guoqian/2/2.3$./mysigWaiting for signal SIGBUSI have get SIGBUS总结:signal系统调用为SIGBUS信号注册了信号处理函数,然后将进程挂起等待SIGBUS信号,当向该进程发送SIGBUS信号才会执行信号处理函数。4、 共享内存代码1:#include <stdio.h>#include <string.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <fcntl.h>#include <sys/types.h>#include <sys/stat.h>#include <sys/ipc.h>#include <sys/shm.h>#include <unistd.h>#include <errno.h>#include <math.h>#include <signal.h>#include "shm_com.h"int main(int argc, char *argv[]){int running = 1;void *shared_memory = (void*)0;struct shared_use_st *shared_stuff;int shmid;shmid = shmget((key_t)1234, sizeof(struct shared_use_st),0666|IPC_CREAT);if(shmid == -1){fprintf(stderr, "shmget failed\n");exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}shared_memory = shmat(shmid, (void*)0, 0);if(shared_memory == (void*)-1){fprintf(stderr, "shmmat failed\n");exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}printf("Memory attached at %x\n", (int)shared_memory);shared_stuff = (struct shared_use_st *)shared_memory;shared_stuff->written_by_you = 0;while(running){if(shared_stuff->written_by_you){printf("You wrote: %s\n", shared_stuff->some_text);sleep(1);shared_stuff->written_by_you = 0;if(strncmp(shared_stuff->some_text, "end", 3) == 0){running = 0;}}}if(shmdt(shared_memory) == -1){fprintf(stderr, "shmmdt failed\n");exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}return 0;}代码2:#include <stdio.h>#include <string.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <fcntl.h>#include <sys/types.h>#include <sys/stat.h>#include <sys/ipc.h>#include <sys/shm.h>#include <unistd.h>#include <errno.h>#include <math.h>#include <signal.h>#include "shm_com.h"int main(int argc, char *argv[]){int running = 1;void *shared_memory = (void*)0;struct shared_use_st *shared_stuff;char buffer[BUFSIZ];int shmid;shmid = shmget((key_t)1234, sizeof(struct shared_use_st),0666|IPC_CREAT);if(shmid == -1){fprintf(stderr, "shmget failed\n");exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}shared_memory = shmat(shmid, (void*)0, 0);if(shared_memory == (void*)-1){fprintf(stderr, "shmmat failed\n");exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}printf("Memory attached at %x\n", (int)shared_memory);shared_stuff = (struct shared_use_st *)shared_memory;shared_stuff->written_by_you = 0;while(running){while(shared_stuff->written_by_you){sleep(1);printf("Waiting for client....\n");}printf("Enter some text: ");fgets(buffer, BUFSIZ, stdin);strncpy(shared_stuff->some_text, buffer, TEXT_SZ);shared_stuff->written_by_you = 1;if(strncmp(buffer, "end", 3) == 0){running = 0;}}if(shmdt(shared_memory) == -1){fprintf(stderr, "shmmdt failed\n");exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}return 0;}代码3:#define TEXT_SZ 2048struct shared_use_st{int written_by_you;char some_text[TEXT_SZ];};Makefile:CC = gccCURTDIR = $(shell pwd)#TARGET = myshm1TARGET = myshm2%.o:%.c$(CC)-c $(EXTRAFLAGS) $< -o $@%.o:%.S$(CC)-c $(EXTRAFLAGS) $< -o $@.PHONY: all clean$(TARGET): $(TARGET).o$(CC) -o $@ $^clean:rm-rf $(TARGET) $(TARGET).o运行结果:eastmoon@eastmoon-virtual-machine:~/work/guoqian/2/2.4$makegcc -c myshm1.c -o myshm1.ogcc -o myshm1 myshm1.oeastmoon@eastmoon-virtual-machine:~/work/guoqian/2/2.4$lsMakefile myshm1 myshm1.c myshm1.o myshm2.c shm_com.heastmoon@eastmoon-virtual-machine:~/work/guoqian/2/2.4$makegcc -c myshm2.c -o myshm2.ogcc -o myshm2 myshm2.oeastmoon@eastmoon-virtual-machine:~/work/guoqian/2/2.4$lsMakefile myshm1 myshm1.c myshm1.o myshm2 myshm2.c myshm2.o shm_com.heastmoon@eastmoon-virtual-machine:~/work/guoqian/2/2.4$./myshm1Memory attached at b78db000eastmoon@eastmoon-virtual-machine:~/work/guoqian/2/2.4$./myshm2Memory attached at b7731000Enter some text: my first share memoryWaiting for client....Waiting for client....Enter some text: it's so goodWaiting for client....Waiting for client....Enter some text: ok, now let's study otherthings. Waiting for client....Waiting for client....Enter some text: end eastmoon@eastmoon-virtual-machine:~/work/guoqian/2/2.4$./myshm1Memory attached at b78db000You wrote: my first share memoryYou wrote: it's so goodYou wrote: ok, now let's study otherthings.You wrote: end总结:用于通信的两个进程必须用同一块共享内存进行通信,所以shmget的第一个参数key必须是相同的。5、 消息队列代码1:#include <stdio.h>#include <string.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <fcntl.h>#include <sys/types.h>#include <sys/stat.h>#include <unistd.h>#include <errno.h>#include <math.h>#include <signal.h>#include <sys/ipc.h>#include <sys/msg.h>struct my_msg_st{long int my_msg_type;char some_text[BUFSIZ];};int main(int argc, char *argv[]){int running = 1;int msgid;struct my_msg_st some_data;long int msg_to_receive = 0;msgid = msgget((key_t)2222, 0666 | IPC_CREAT);if(msgid == -1){fprintf(stderr, "msgget failed with error: %d\n", errno);exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}while(running){if(msgrcv(msgid, (void*)&some_data, BUFSIZ, msg_to_receive, 0) ==-1){fprintf(stderr, "msgrcv failed with error: %d\n", errno);exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}printf("You wrote: %s\n", some_data.some_text);if(strncmp(some_data.some_text, "end", 3) == 0){running = 0;}} if(msgctl(msgid, IPC_RMID, 0) == -1){fprintf(stderr, "msgctl failed with error: %d\n", errno);exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}return 0;}代码2:#include <stdio.h>#include <string.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <fcntl.h>#include <sys/types.h>#include <sys/stat.h>#include <unistd.h>#include <errno.h>#include <math.h>#include <signal.h>#include <sys/ipc.h>#include <sys/msg.h>struct my_msg_st{long int my_msg_type;char some_text[BUFSIZ];};int main(int argc, char *argv[]){int running = 1;int msgid;struct my_msg_st some_data;char buffer[BUFSIZ];msgid= msgget((key_t)2222, 0666 | IPC_CREAT);if(msgid == -1){fprintf(stderr, "msgget failed with error: %d\n", errno);exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}while(running){printf("Enter some text:");fgets(buffer, BUFSIZ, stdin);some_data.my_msg_type = 1;strcpy(some_data.some_text, buffer);if(msgsnd(msgid, (void*)&some_data, BUFSIZ, 0) == -1){fprintf(stderr, "msgsnd failed with error: %d\n", errno);exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}if(strncmp(some_data.some_text, "end", 3) == 0){running = 0;}}return 0;}Makefile:CC = gccCURTDIR = $(shell pwd)TARGET = mymsg1#TARGET = mymsg2%.o:%.c$(CC)-c $(EXTRAFLAGS) $< -o $@%.o:%.S$(CC)-c $(EXTRAFLAGS) $< -o $@.PHONY: all clean$(TARGET): $(TARGET).o$(CC) -o $@ $^clean:rm-rf $(TARGET) $(TARGET).o运行结果:eastmoon@eastmoon-virtual-machine:~/work/guoqian/2/2.5$makegcc -c mymsg1.c -o mymsg1.ogcc -o mymsg1 mymsg1.oeastmoon@eastmoon-virtual-machine:~/work/guoqian/2/2.5$lsMakefile mymsg1 mymsg1.c mymsg1.oeastmoon@eastmoon-virtual-machine:~/work/guoqian/2/2.5$makegcc -c mymsg2.c -o mymsg2.ogcc -o mymsg2 mymsg2.oeastmoon@eastmoon-virtual-machine:~/work/guoqian/2/2.5$lsMakefile mymsg1 mymsg1.c mymsg1.o mymsg2 mymsg2.c mymsg2.oeastmoon@eastmoon-virtual-machine:~/work/guoqian/2/2.5$./mymsg2Enter some text:helloEnter some text:mymsgEnter some text:good-buy Enter some text:endeastmoon@eastmoon-virtual-machine:~/work/guoqian/2/2.5$./mymsg1You wrote: helloYou wrote: mymsgYou wrote: good-buyYou wrote: end总结:在没有运行msg2向消息队列中添加消息的时候,msg1会阻塞在msgrcv函数上,运行msg2后,每添加一条消息,msg1就读取一条,直到添加的消息为”end”,结束。

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