考点聚焦1.作定语功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词，在句中作定语位置：一般位于名词之后，没有逗号隔开例如： She is the girl living in China.（作定语）2. 作状语功能：在句中作为插入语，表示伴随；位置：一般也是位于名词或某个句子后，有逗号隔开；例如：She is the girl , living in China.(作状语)2考点精讲1. doing: 表示主动，进行，性质；2. done：表示被动，完成，状态；3. to do: 表示目的，将来；1）作定语例如：(1)There is the man standing under the tree.(这里the man与stand之间构成的是主动关系，所以用doing形式即standing)(2) That is the bikerepaired by Tom.(这里the bike与repair之间构成是被动关系，所以用done的形式即repaired)(3) There is a partyto be held next week.( 这里有next week表示将来，所以用to do 形式)2) 作状语（1）在句中或句尾用逗号隔开的例如：Tom, living in China, invented the bike.(作插入语)There is the man，standing under the tree.That is the bike，repaired by Tom.注意:用done或是doing还是依据句中的某个名词或是整个句子与动词间的关系(2) 在句子的开头，用逗号隔开例如：Knowing that he is a student, we try our best to help him.(这里we与know之间是主动关系，所以是doing形式)Absorbed in painting, John didn’t notice evening approaching.(这里John与absorb之间构成被动关系，所以是done形式)To complete the job in time,the staffs were working on weekends.(这里表示目的关系，用to do形式)(3)with +sth+doing/done/to do的结构，表示伴随（看sth与动词间关系）例如：With the society developing rapidly, +句子。（本句 the society与develop是主动关系，所以是doing形式）(4)状语从句中从句省掉主语的非谓语形式例如：When finishing the job, we can go out.(这里因为we与finish是主动关系，所以是doing形式，若是被动则用done的形式)3总结本小节的内容主要是高考中常考的形式，考生重点是掌握doing；done；to do所表示的含义，根据名词与动词间的关系来运用，然后记住以上所讲的几种形式，就可以了。注意：1. 非谓语若作主语，只能是doing或是to do；不能是done；例如：Studying English is very important.2. Having done 与doing的区别：首先都是表示主动的含义；而having done强调的动作要先于主句的动作发生；3. having been done/done/being done/to be done 的区别：首先都是表被动的含义；having been done强调的动作要先于主句的动作发生；（一般会有表完成的时间词如：for+时间段；since+句子/时间点）being done强调的动作与主句的动作是同时发生；（一般会有表进行的时间词如：now等）to be done强调的动作是后于主句的动作发生；（一般会有表将来的时间词如：next +时间，in+时间段等）例如：_____ twice by the dog, the man refused to deliver the letter to us.A.Biting B.Having been bittenB.To be bitten D.Being bitten解析：本题选B。因为the man 与bite是被动关系，其次被咬的动作是先于the man refused to deliver the letter to us发生的。4—全国卷语法专项语法填空1.A study of travelers___(conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.（全国1）解析：因为根据句子意思，可知study与conduct之间是被动关系，所以填conducted；2.Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people____(live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.(全国1)解析：本题也较为简单；因people与live之间是主动关系，所以填living；3. The adobe dwellings (土坯房）____ (build) by the Pueblo Indians of theAmerican Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects andengineers.(全国2)解析：土坯房是由the Pueblo Indians所建立的。所以与build之间构成是被动关系，填built，作定语修饰The adobe dwellings。4.In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirableis their ability to “air condition”a house without ____ (use) electric equipment.(全国2)解析：因为有个介词without ，而介词后只能接名词或doing形式；填using；5.When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are nowcold enough ____ (cool) the house during the hot day.(全国2)解析：墙体释放了热量，并且现在足够使房子变凉快；本题中enough接to do形式表目的，填 to cool；6. I was the first Western TV reporter____ (permit) to film a special unit caring forpandas rescued from starvation in the wild.（全国1）解析：本句意思是我是第一个记者，允许拍摄。因reporter与permit是构成被动关系，所以填permitted；7. If you find something you love doing outside of the office, you’ll be less likely ____(bring) your work home. （全国2）解析：本题考查be likely to do sth的结构，所以填to bring；8.Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal ____(create)special designs.（全国3）解析：本题结合意思判断：有技能的工人结合不同的木头与金属来制作特殊的设计；表目的，所以填 to create；9.People probably cooked their food in large pots, (use)twigs(树枝)to remove it.（全国3）解析：本题看结构是打了逗号的，这是非谓语作状语的结构，通过判断People与use是构成主动关系，所以填using；10. This included digging up the road, ____(lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.（全国2）解析：本题也是非谓语作状语，结合and then building a strong表并列，所以填laying；11.The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice ________(improve) water quality.（全国2）解析：政府鼓励农民种玉米而不是大米来改善水的质量；所以表目的，填 to improve；12.China"s approach to protecting its environment while _____(feed) its citizens "offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide." says the bank"sJuergenVoegele.(全国2)解析：本题较难；首先判断有个连词while，然后判断feed的主语是. China"s approach to protecting its environment，他们之间构成主动关系，所以填feeding；13. When we got a call （say） she was short-listed, we thought it was a joke. ( 年全国2)解析：本题是非谓语作定语，a call与say之间是主动关系。填saying；14. On our way to the house，it was raining so hard that we couldn"t help wondering how long it would take （get）there.（全国3）解析：根据意思：我们情不自禁想知道要花多长的时间到那里。表目的，填 to get；15. On the last day of our week-long stay，we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars，（listen）to musicians and meeting interesting locals. （全国3）解析：结构上看是非谓语作状语。因为主语we与listen是主动关系，填listening；短文改错1.After looks at the toy for some time, he turned around and found that his parents were missing.（全国2）解析：after是介词，后面的动词用doing。所以looks改为looking；2.Everyone was silent, wait to see who would be called upon to read his or her paragraph aloud.（全国3）解析：非谓语作状语。Everyone与wait是主动关系，wait改为waiting；3.All the football players on the playground cheered loudly, say that I had a talent for football.（全国1）解析：因为the football players与say是主动关系，say改为saying；
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